| Type of microorganism |
Fungus |
| Microorganism name |
Neurospora crassa
|
| Temperature range |
28.5-30°C (Liu et al., 2016)
|
| pH range |
pH 5.4-6 (Liu et al., 2016)
|
| Carbon and nitrogen source |
Sucrose, NH4NO3 (The Better Meat Co., 2022)
|
| Growth rate (µ) |
NA |
| Companies (product) |
|
| Wild-type or GMO |
Wild-type |
| Feedstock case studies (suitable substrates) |
Potato waste prodcuts, beet pulp, malted barley (The Better Meat Co., 2022)
|
| % SCP (w/w percentage of protein in dried biomass) |
45% (Bartholomai et al., 2022)
|
| cell biomass dry weight (CDW) = biomass yield? (g/L or g/g?) (weight of biomass/total weight or volume) |
Proprietary info of The Better Meat Co. And Meati Foods |
| Protein content in final product |
15% (w/w) (Bartholomai et al., 2022)
|
| Protein titer (g/L or g/g?) grams of protein / total weight or volume |
NA |
| Productivity (g/Lh) |
Proprietary info of The Better Meat Co. And Meati Foods |
| Protein yield on C-source (% w/w) |
Proprietary info of The Better Meat Co. And Meati Foods |
| Scale |
Pilot scale with plans of going industrial (now 9000 L) (Watson, 2024)
|
| Downstream purification processing complexity |
Centrigugation step to isolate. Heat treatment is required to reduce RNA content. Overall minimal downstream processing. (The Better Meat Co., 2022)
|
| Nucleic acid content |
Not specifially stated, but likely around 10% as most fungi |
| Techno-functional and/or nutritional properties (e.g. meat-like texture, amino acid profile, digestibility) |
High protein content (all amino acids present), rich in fiber, low in saturated fats, no cholesterol, meat-like texture, high digestibility (Bartholomai et al., 2022)
|
| Target application (Food, feed, other) |
Used in food as a meat alternative. Also tested in feed. |
| Advantages |
Does not produce toxins, has low allergenic potential. It is a nutritionally dense food. (Bartholomai et al., 2022)
|
| Challenges (Key limitations, risk factors) |
Only approved in two countires (US and Singapore) |
| Regulatory status in Europe |
Not allowed for food and feed in Europe. No Novel Food application filed yet. |
| Regulatory status in other parts of the world |
|
| Extra/remark |
Not a lot of info found on submerged fermentation. As far as I could find, only done by Meati and The Better Meat Co. Info on temperature and pH range is for solid state fermentation. N. crassa is also often used in combination with other organisms (for example Lactobacillus plantarum) (Liu et at., 2016) |
| Publications/references |
-
Liu, P., Li, J., & Deng, Z. (2016). Bio-transformation of agri-food wastes by newly isolated Neurospora crassa and Lactobacillus plantarum for egg production. Poultry Science, 95(3), 684–693. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev357
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The Better Meat Co. (2022). ENHANCED AEROBIC FERMENTATION METHODS FOR PRODUCING EDIBLE FUNGAL MYCELIUM BLENDED MEATS (US 11,432,574 B2). https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/f0/be/64/74684a2eba025f/US11432574.pdf
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Bartholomai, B. M., Ruwe, K. M., Thurston, J., Jha, P., Scaife, K., Simon, R., Abdelmoteleb, M., Goodman, R. E., & Farhi, M. (2022). Safety evaluation of Neurospora crassa mycoprotein for use as a novel meat alternative and enhancer. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 168, 113342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.113342
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Watson, E. (2024, June 11). The Better Meat Co slashes cost of mycoprotein production via continuous process. AgFunderNews. https://agfundernews.com/the-better-meat-co-slashes-cost-of-mycoprotein-production-via-continuous-process
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